Abstract

Distributed energy resources are small to medium sized energy generators (e.g. combined heat and power systems, ground source heat pumps, etc.) that are sited within electricity distribution systems, near consumers. Distributed energy systems can increase the flexibility and efficiency with which energy is be provided to local consumers, however this greater flexibility also increases the complexity of energy provision at the district level. In order to achieve the maximum benefits of distributed energy systems it is essential to determine their structure and operation in a rigorous manner that takes into account the temporal and spatial variations in energy demand, in addition to the drivers that influence energy planning (e.g. cost, climate change mitigation, energy security). In this study a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is created for the design (i.e. technology selection and sizing, unit location, distribution network structure) of a distributed energy system that meets the energy demands of a cluster of consumers while minimising annual cost. The model allows for the analysis of the effect of the integration of numerous generation technologies and energy distribution strategies on the economic and environmental impact of distributed energy systems.